Oregon's Measure 109 allows for the manufacture, delivery, and administration of psilocybin, the compound found in “magic mushrooms.” But how was psilocybin made illegal in the first place? Originally, psilocybin was illegal under Oregon Revised Statute (ORS) 475.005. This law is Oregon's "mini" controlled substances act. As in all other states, the Oregon law is based off the federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA).
关于CSA的简要背景
1970年，美国国会废除了大部分联邦毒品法律，并通过了《受控物质法》（CSA），旨在全面预防毒品滥用并履行其国际条约义务。
The CSA is most notably the law that prohibits even simple possession of marijuana, and the law has been controversial since its passage. Many still debate whether its actual purpose was pragmatic, or politically motivated. Those in the first camp note that there were numerous drug-related laws present between 1914 and 1970, consisting of an unwieldy patchwork of drug regulation. Accordingly, the CSA was ostensibly an effort to unite and merge “these diverse laws in one piece of legislation."
相比之下，许多人认为，《受控物质法》连同其他联邦法律，都是为了摧毁尼克松政府的政治和文化对手而制定或利用的工具。事实上，《受控物质法》确实将大麻列为违禁品，而且一个国会委员会发现，联邦调查局曾利用“大麻”指控来压制“新左派”成员。
1994年，曾担任尼克松总统法律顾问兼国内事务助理的约翰·埃尔利希曼，似乎证实了这些说法。在一次采访中，埃尔利希曼谈到了签署《社区服务法案》（CSA）使其成为法律的尼克松，并解释了当时政府的行为动机：
"You want to know what this was really all about?” he asked with the bluntness of a man who, after public disgrace and a stretch in federal prison, had little left to protect. “The Nixon campaign in 1968, and the Nixon White House after that, had two enemies: the antiwar left and black people. You understand what I’m saying? We knew we couldn’t make it illegal to be either against the war or black, but by getting the public to associate the hippies with marijuana and blacks with heroin, and then criminalizing both heavily, we could disrupt those communities. We could arrest their leaders, raid their homes, break up their meetings, and vilify them night after night on the evening news. Did we know we were lying about the drugs? Of course we did."
无论《受控物质法》的初衷如何，裸盖菇素在联邦层面仍属禁用。与大麻一样，裸盖菇素被列为第一类受控物质。《受控物质法》将受控物质分为五个不同等级，称为“类别”，并对各类别物质的监管程度进行分级。 第一类是最高级别，包含受管制最严格的物质。第一类受管制物质受到最严格的限制，其相关处罚可能比芬太尼、海洛因和甲基苯丙胺更为严厉。
为什么裸盖菇素会被列入《受控物质法》（CSA）？
简而言之，答案是“因为它是一种致幻剂”。20世纪60年代，神经药理学和神经精神药理学领域的顶尖研究人员开始研究裸盖菇素。他们试图以此治疗抑郁症、焦虑症及其他疾病。在此期间，瑞士制药公司山德士（Sandoz）甚至曾在美国销售过一种名为Indocybin的裸盖菇素制剂。
当时，裸盖菇素和其他致幻药物被称为“精神病模拟剂”，而非“迷幻剂”，且其在20世纪60年代的临床应用正在迅速增长。此类研究甚至获得了美国国家精神卫生研究所的资助。 然而，美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）同时开始要求制药公司开展广泛的研究，以确保其产品安全有效。由于此类研究带来的额外成本，山德士公司决定不再寻求FDA对Indocybin的批准。
与此同时，公众中LSD及相关药物的非医疗用途急剧增加。LSD、裸盖菇素和大麻很快被统称为“致幻剂”。这些物质逐渐流行起来，并与反主流文化运动联系在一起。LSD尤其引人注目，媒体通过耸人听闻的报道将其称为“致疯药”。 作为一种相关药物，裸盖菇素的恶名更多源于社会传闻和错误信息，而非实际的临床研究。
因此，为获得FDA批准而进行的裸盖菇素研究成本并未超过其明显的社会和医疗风险。因此，FDA并未批准裸盖菇素用于治疗（尽管我们可能正逐渐接近这一目标），并将该物质列入《受控物质法》的第一类受控物质。
俄勒冈州裸盖菇素法律的演变
裸盖菇素被列为第一类受控物质的情况与大麻类似。两者显然都是因缺乏认知和临床研究，以及针对特定社会群体的偏见而被列入第一类受控物质。因此，裸盖菇素的法律历程与大麻如出一辙也就不足为奇了。尽管它们在联邦《受控物质法》中仍被列为第一类受控物质，但在俄勒冈州，两者已在一定程度上实现了合法化。
1998年，《俄勒冈州医用大麻法案》通过第67号公投提案正式成为法律。与州议会通过的法案不同，公投提案是由该州公民通过全民公投通过的法律。因此，俄勒冈州公民投票决定，允许患有特定疾病的患者在医生建议下种植、持有和使用大麻。
Likewise, Oregon citizens voted to pass Ballot Measure 109, which allows the manufacture, delivery and administration" of psilocybin. In the run-up to the vote on 109, we explained:
"... if you’ve been around this stuff for a while you might observe that the Initiative offers a structure similar to Oregon’s early-stage medical marijuana program. That program also: 1) was borne of an initiative back in 1998; 2) was solely administered by OHA (through its predecessor); 3) reduced criminal penalties; and 4) created a doctor-patient-caregiver program similar to the facilitator-client concept on offer for psilocybin. It appears that the Initiative’s chief petitioners are wisely working off the model."
What's next for Oregon psilocybin
目前，俄勒冈州卫生局（OHA）正在制定关于裸盖菇素产品的生产、运输、配送、销售和购买，以及裸盖菇素服务提供的相关规则和法规。OHA计划于2022年最终确定裸盖菇素服务的初步法规。如需进一步了解这些法规的制定进展，您可以点击此处访问OHA网站。
A year from now, if all goes well, the OHA will be taking applications for Oregon psilocybin licensees. Concurrently, we expect the Oregon Board of Pharmacology to vote to amend Oregon's drug schedules and reschedule psilocybin locally, as it did with marijuana long ago. Stay tuned.
