与中共政权共舞的美国企业正面临盛宴终结。它们为追求"中国价格"而进行的狂热冒险,如今已演变为"维吾尔人贩卖"的反乌托邦景象。详见 中国供应链的另一重病灶——强迫劳动。当有人终于听见他们对知识产权盗窃的控诉时,最强有力的回应竟是关税壁垒——这道壁垒正令其供应链支离破碎。这些企业在艰难应对中美脱钩之际,若能从中汲取宝贵教训,就该将目光投向更贴近本土的机遇……甚至就在家门口。
In a blog post last month, I wondered out loud why U.S. imports from Mexico aren’t even higher than the $346 billion ringed up in 2018. Having spent the last few days in San Diego, I almost want to run that blog post again. As I write these lines, I’m at the city's airport, from where a traveler stepping off a domestic flight can reach one of Mexico’s most important cities in just over a half hour. In fact, the San Diego Trolley goes right up to the border crossing at San Ysidro. Mexico is so close you can hear cars speeding along Federal Highway 1D while you hike in San Diego’s backcountry. Mexican radio stations share the airwaves with American ones, providing updates on border crossing times. Should travel deeper into Mexico be required, a bridge will take you from the U.S. side directly into the Tijuana airport terminal.
But Mexico is not the only destination that should be revisited. A recent New York Post editorial reminds us that the U.S. commonwealth of Puerto Rico “was for decades a central hub of U.S. drug manufacturing”, calling for a return to that role to counter America's “serious over-reliance on China for pharmaceutical production”.
在1980年代的波多黎各,我还是个孩子时,总在新闻播报、大人们的谈话和政治辩论中听到三个数字——9、3和6。 随着年龄增长,我逐渐明白这三个数字构成了岛屿经济的基石。《国内税收法》第936条为在波多黎各运营的美国制造商提供税收优惠。这些激励措施延续了"帮助波多黎各摆脱殖民历史桎梏,将其以农业为主的经济转型为制造业强国"的努力。
这项名为"自力更生行动"的计划,最初通过一系列税收优惠政策吸引制造商入驻,旨在创造稳定的工厂就业岗位。
该计划一度看似奏效,波多黎各的生活水平随之提升。据波多黎各圣胡安智库"新经济中心"数据显示,1950至1980年间,波多黎各人均国民生产总值增长近十倍,可支配收入和受教育程度均显著提高。
其中一项于1976年颁布的税收优惠政策,允许美国制造企业免缴在美国属地(包括波多黎各)所获利润的企业所得税。以制药业为首的制造商们纷纷涌入该岛。
To the extent that the Puerto Rico of my childhood looked and felt like a reasonable facsimile of the United States mainland, it's largely because of la nueve treinta y seis—and in particular, las farmaceúticas—the jobs it created and the money it pumped into the economy.
第936节确实存在反对者。美国国内有人将税收优惠视为企业福利,而部分波多黎各人则认为这些优惠阻碍了该地区成为美国州份的进程。最终在各方压力下,克林顿总统启动了为期十年的逐步取消计划。此后,该岛经济便急转直下。
第936条款的终结还带来了另一个令人沮丧的后果。尽管制药业仍在波多黎各保持着存在,但"美国制药商使用的约90%的活性成分(即'前体'原料药)如今都来自中国"。这种局面构成了双重威胁。 首先,这意味着美国国内产能可能不足以应对当前新冠疫情等公共卫生危机。其次,这赋予中国对美国施加压力的强大杠杆。
《华盛顿邮报》认为制药业重返波多黎各是"明智之举",这既能提升国内药品产量,又能提振波多黎各经济。尽管该报通常反对"定向税收减免",但在制药领域"显然需要国家安全例外条款"。正如持续的疫情所证明的,这一原则同样适用于各类物资(例如口罩)。 当前正是激励波多黎各及美国本土重启此类关键产品生产的关键时机。
And national security needs to be understood broadly. Take for example the issue of Central American migration—a very present concern for San Diegans and Tijuanans alike—which U.S. intelligence has consistently found to be a national security threat. The U.S. has to some extent helped create economic opportunities for Central American countries, most notably through the CAFTA-DR. According to the United States Trade Representative, as a unit, CAFTA-DR countries were the country's 18th largest goods trading partner in 2018. Imports from the bloc totaled $25.5 billion, slightly more than from Australia.
显然,这些国家已具备相当规模的生产基础。此外,这些国家的经济状况改善完全符合美国的根本利益。 即便不考虑移民数量可能减少的情况(如墨西哥经济好转时所发生),繁荣的邻国意味着美国商品与服务拥有近在咫尺的市场(事实上,美国对中美洲自由贸易协定(CAFTA-DR)集团保持贸易顺差),同时也能获得更强大的区域盟友,共同应对毒品走私、恐怖主义以及竞争对手势力渗透等威胁。
For decades, America's China policy was characterized by engagement.
日益增长的经济联系使两国都希望保持良好关系。尽管中国存在侵犯人权等问题,历届美国政府仍试图让北京参与贸易、核武器等国际协议,认为接触将推动经济和政治改革。
然而,“这些进展并未带来政治自由化或严格经济管控的放松”,导致当今更具对抗性的局势,地缘政治考量再度成为焦点。在此背景下,美国企业再度将目光投向南方实属合理。






