关于宠物产品中工业大麻CBD的五大要点

Given that we've all been staying home lately, it seemed like a good time to talk about our four-legged friends and CBD. In fact, if I think about it, I first saw hemp-derived CBD (Hemp CBD) "in the wild" at my local pet store here in Seattle. Now CBD is so ubiquitous that I hardly notice it sitting on the counter when I pick up dog treats.

这种情况在我为研讨会集团筹备继续法律教育课程时开始研究大麻CBD宠物产品后发生了改变。以下是我在为西北地区CBD考量会议准备演讲时,关于大麻CBD宠物产品的五大发现:

1. 许多宠物和人类一样,都拥有内源性大麻素系统。 

内源性大麻素系统(ECS)是一种存在于大多数哺乳动物细胞中的信号传递系统,包括人类、猫和狗。该系统本质上是由大脑、器官、组织、腺体及神经系统中的受体组成的网络。 尽管ECS尚未被完全理解,但普遍认为其能促进哺乳动物的稳态平衡,使内部系统在外部因素干扰下仍保持协调。其调节功能涵盖食欲与消化、运动控制、睡眠周期以及肌肉骨骼生长等领域。哺乳动物体内自然产生的内源性大麻素作为神经递质,在机体内部充当信息传递者,实现自我调节。

内源性大麻素通过与受体结合在体内传递信息。主要存在两种内源性大麻素受体:

  • CB1 receptors - mostly found in the central nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord.
  • CB2 receptors - mostly found in the peripheral nervous system, which includes cells and organs.

与哺乳动物体内天然存在的内源性大麻素不同,植物性大麻素由大麻植物及其他植物产生。植物性大麻素包括四氢大麻酚(THC)、大麻二酚(CBD)、大麻酚(CBN)和大麻酚(CBG)。四氢大麻酚会与CB1受体结合,但大麻二酚与内源性大麻素系统(ECS)的相互作用机制在人类或动物体内尚未完全明确——尽管抗癫痫药物Epidiolex已获批用于治疗癫痫。

植物大麻素对内源性大麻素系统的影响,无论在人类还是动物身上都远未完全理解,但已有一些关于犬类植物大麻素与内源性大麻素系统的研究发现。 例如,美国政府的研究发现,犬类的小脑、脑干和延髓中分布着大量大麻素受体。这被认为能解释为何四氢大麻酚(THC)会导致犬类出现静态共济失调——即无法静坐导致的震颤与平衡障碍。需谨记:某些对人类安全无害的物质对动物却可能致命,例如巧克力对犬类即具毒性。

关于CBD的研究尚有限,但科罗拉多州立大学的一项小型临床试验发现,CBD油能减少癫痫犬的发作次数,这意味着它可能对人类产生类似效果。

2. 美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)监管宠物产品,且在多数情况下不批准使用大麻CBD。 

美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)对宠物产品中工业大麻CBD的立场,与其对食品中工业大麻CBD的立场高度一致。根据《食品、药品和化妆品法》,凡宣称具有治疗功效或用于诊断、治疗、治愈或预防疾病的CBD产品均属药品范畴。FDA已向作出此类宣称的工业大麻CBD宠物产品制造商发出警告信函。 由于动物领域不存在与膳食补充剂相当的分类,因此关于大麻CBD的结构-功能声明同样可能使宠物产品被归类为药品。

新动物药品须经上市前审批。美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)要求新药申办方证明该药品安全有效。目前FDA尚未批准任何动物药品。

同样,动物食品也需获得上市前批准。食品必须针对特定物种获得批准。美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)同样未批准在动物食品中使用CBD。

The FDA regulates pet food labeling but has a powerful partner. The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) establishes model labeling regulations which are in turn implemented by many states. AAFCO is a non-profit, non-governmental agency that doesn't have actual regulatory authority over pet food. Instead, it is an important advisory body that works with the FDA. AAFCO members include state agencies, the FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine and the Candian Food Inspection Agency.

3. AAFCO says that "hemp and hemp products may not be used in animal feed or pet food in the United States."

According to a statement released by AAFCO in 2019, "hemp and hemp products may not be used in animal feed or pet food in the United States." AAFCO reasons that although private companies are working on applications to determine that pet food is safe, those applications have not been approved.

4. 部分州遵循美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)和美国饲料管理协会(AAFCO)的标准(如华盛顿州),而其他州则采取更为宽松的政策。 

要真正理解AAFCO在动物食品监管方面的影响力,科罗拉多州便是最佳例证。该州是最早接纳大麻的州之一,已通过立法允许将大麻CBD添加到人类食品和膳食补充剂中——前提是这些产品必须在持证食品加工厂生产。但宠物食品领域的情况则截然不同。

According to the Colorado Department of Agriculture's website, the same is not true for animal feed:

目前,科罗拉多州农业部(CDA)不批准含有工业大麻的商业饲料产品注册申请,因为该成分既未获得美国饲料管理官员协会(AAFCO,由全美50个州农业部门组成的组织)认可,也未获美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)兽医中心批准。 科罗拉多州农业部(CDA)的此项决定符合AAFCO对工业大麻的立场,以及其他州农业部门的立场。科罗拉多州市场中含有未经批准成分的产品可能面临撤销分销令。

但并非所有州都遵循AAFCO标准。例如,佛罗里达州允许在动物饲料中添加大麻提取物。

5. 宠物已成为影响大麻CBD态度转变的重要因素。

One of the first states to strongly regulate the sale of Hemp CBD products was Indiana. Back in 2018, I wrote about how Indiana had passed comprehensive legislation on labeling and manufacturing Hemp CBD products. Since then, many other states, including Utah and Texas have adopted similar labeling standards, making Indiana a leader in Hemp CBD policy. That's in large part thanks to Indiana dog and CBD user Teddy McDermott.

A few months before Indiana's Governor Eric Holcolmb signed Indiana's CBD legislation, he got involved in a public dispute regarding CBD products and pets. This started when Hammond, Indiana's mayor Thomas McDermott Jr. publicly stated that he would be giving his aging dog Teddy, CBD. McDermott did this in defiance of Indiana Attorney General Curtis Hill's statement that CBD products were illegal in Indiana. Gov. Holcomb joined the Fido-based fray when he told the Times of Northwest Indiana that he was open to treating Indiana's "first dog" Henry with CBD oil if it could relieve the miniature schnauzer's pain.

Perhaps Governor Holcomb did his research in treating Henry with CBD but I like to think it had to do with McDermott's dog Teddy and his Twitter feud with AG Hill. Don't worry, I have receipts:

Teddy even went so far as to quote-retweet AG Hill's praise of former US Attorney General Jeff Sessions rescinding of the Cole Memo.

快进到2018年5月,泰迪在印第安纳州议会赢得大麻CBD之战后,理所当然地获得了炫耀的资本。

像泰迪这样的狗狗帮助大麻二酚(CBD)在印第安纳州等保守州份普及。大麻CBD宠物产品处于法律灰色地带,但多数情况下似乎总体安全。不过相关方仍需向美国饲料管理协会(AAFCO)和美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)证明这些产品的安全性。请谨记:对人类安全的产品未必对宠物安全,因此给宠物服用大麻CBD时务必谨慎。

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