哪些州允许大麻合法化？

从地图上可以清楚地看到，各州对大麻的监管方式依然各不相同。虽然仍有少数州实施全面禁令，但整体趋势是逐步放宽限制。目前大多数州已允许将大麻用于医疗目的，同时越来越多的州将娱乐性使用合法化，或大幅降低持有或使用大麻的处罚力度。

各州如何制定大麻法律？

数十年来，各州通过公投倡议和立法程序不断修订大麻法规。在加利福尼亚州、南达科他州和新泽西州等州，选民已直接批准了将医用大麻、娱乐用大麻或两者同时合法化的法案。

自1990年代以来，各州立法机构陆续通过法案允许医用大麻。2018年，佛蒙特州成为首个通过立法而非公投倡议实现娱乐用大麻合法化的州。此后，包括伊利诺伊州和弗吉尼亚州在内的多个州立法机构相继效仿。

A state's cannabis laws don't address every detail of how its system works. Instead, the law creates a framework within which state agencies and local governments can make more specific rules.

什么是医用大麻？

医用大麻顾名思义是由医生开具处方，用于治疗特定疾病和症状。研究表明，大麻可帮助患者缓解多种健康问题，包括：

• 某些类型的癫痫。
• 由癌症化疗引起的恶心和呕吐。
• 艾滋病病毒/艾滋病可能导致的食欲减退和体重减轻。

科学家们继续研究大麻是否能有效治疗多发性硬化症、慢性疼痛及其他疾病的某些症状。

各州如何监管医用大麻？

Each state's medical cannabis program is unique, but they share important similarities.

医生将对患者进行检查，并在适当情况下开具证明，确认患者患有可通过医用大麻治疗的疾病。各州均有各自的适用疾病清单。

Once a patient has a physician's certification, they can be placed on the state's medical cannabis registry and issued an identification card. This card entitles them to purchase cannabis at a dispensary — a state-regulated store that is authorized to sell cannabis products. The amount of cannabis someone with a medical cannabis card can possess varies by state.

Another important difference between states is whether they recognize other states' medical cannabis cards. Individuals must follow the rules of the state they are in, not just the state that issued their ID.

何为大麻非刑事化？

除了实施和完善医用大麻项目外，各州还在持续探讨如何监管非医疗用途的大麻持有与使用。如图所示，许多州现已允许成年人在一定限制下持有和使用大麻，而其他州则选择采取非刑事化处理。

大麻非刑事化并不等同于大麻合法化。相反，非刑事化措施能够减轻因持有或使用大麻而被捕者的法律后果。

Decriminalization generally means criminal penalties are replaced with civil penalties. For example, police would issue a citation instead of making an arrest, would not punish an individual with a jail or prison sentence, and the incident would not appear on the individual's criminal record.

It's important to note that these more lenient punishments generally only apply to the first-time possession of smaller amounts of cannabis — harsher penalties can be imposed for multiple infractions or for possessing larger amounts.

什么是CBD？

The Cannabis sativa plant contains both delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) — the chemical compound found in medical and recreational cannabis — and cannabidiol (CBD). THC is psychoactive — it's the chemical in cannabis that causes a “high.” CBD is not psychoactive. For this reason, many states have begun loosening restrictions on its use for medicinal and other purposes.

然而，无论在州级还是联邦层面，围绕CBD的法律环境依然复杂且未明朗。尤其当涉及CBD产品中四氢大麻酚（THC）的存在时，这种状况更为显著。由于这两种化合物化学结构相似且源自同一植物，许多CBD产品中都含有微量THC。部分允许CBD产品流通但对THC实施更严格管制的州已明确规定：CBD产品中的THC含量不得超过特定微量阈值。

通过从大麻植物中分离并提取CBD，可以制造出纯CBD产品。由于这些产品完全不含四氢大麻酚（THC），因此降低了CBD生产、销售和使用过程中存在的部分风险与不确定性。

解读各州大麻法规

The laws addressing recreational cannabis, medical cannabis and CBD continue to evolve. We'll continue to update our map to reflect changes to each state's cannabis laws. If you have questions about how specific laws affect your cannabis business, you can always reach out to us — we'll help you find the answers.